Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation-based practice model for training anesthesiology residents in ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. Methods: A total of 40 anesthesiology residents from the Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, who participated in standardized anesthesiology residency training from June 2025 to December 2025, were enrolled and randomly assigned into a simulation group and a control group, with 20 residents in each group. TAP block training was provided through demonstration in both groups, while the simulation-based practice model was additionally applied to the simulation group. Outcome measures included total procedure duration, success rate of TAP block, skill operation scores, theoretical test scores, trainee satisfaction, training vividness, and willingness to recommend the training mode. Results: Compared with the control group, residents in the simulation group completed the TAP block procedure faster (10.54±3.42 min vs. 15.53±4.56 min, P<0.05), and achieved significantly higher scores in skill operations (25.81±1.13 vs. 22.91±1.25, P<0.05) and theoretical tests (92.51±2.93 vs. 85.67±1.01, P<0.05). Additionally, the simulation group reported significantly higher scores in trainee satisfaction (8.93±0.57 vs. 7.58±1.18, P<0.05), training vividness (8.98±0.67 vs. 7.33±0.82, P<0.05), and willingness to recommend the training mode (8.86±0.83 vs. 7.63±1.25, P<0.05). The success rate of TAP block performed by residents was significantly higher in the simulation group than in the control group (85% vs. 70%, P<0.05). Conclusion: The simulation-based practice model substantially improves the quality and effectiveness of TAP block training. By enabling repeated practice of both ultrasound techniques and TAP block procedures on simulators and real patients, anesthesiology residents can achieve proficiency in the relevant theoretical knowledge and technical skills before clinical application.