Volume 2, Issue 2

Foot and ankle arthroscopy frequently results in severe perioperative swelling and pain. The ultrasound-guided nerve block technique stands out for its ability to offer reliable and potent pain relief. This technique not only promotes early functional exercise, but also realizes enhanced recovery after surgery, which has demonstrated significant advantages in the realm of foot and ankle arthroscopy. In recent years, blocking techniques targeting different nerve planes have been reported to expand the options available for clinical use. This article primarily describes the current application of foot and ankle arthroscopy, detailing various local nerve blocks under innervation and ultrasound guidance. By doing so, this review intends to provide insights for the selection of clinical anesthesia in foot and ankle arthroscopy.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) emerges when the restoration of blood flow fails to recover myocardial function following transient ischemia, marking a significant pathological challenge that adversely affects revascularization outcomes and patient mortality. This condition often occurs post-cardiac procedures, including cardiopulmonary bypass, angioplasty, primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and thrombolytic therapy. Over the last decade, researches have been pivotal in deciphering the pathophysiological underpinnings of MIRI, aiming to identify viable targets and therapeutics for mitigation. Among these, pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory, programmed cell death, has been recognized for its integral role in MIRI, interacting with various other mechanisms such as oxidative stress, calcium dysregulation, autophagy, ferroptosis, and apoptosis. This review delves into the mechanisms by which pyroptosis influences MIRI, discusses its impact on both cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes in MIRI, and highlights recent advancements in the development of inhibitors targeting key molecules involved in pyroptosis such as Nod-like receptor protein 3 inhibitors, Caspase-1 inhibitors, and traditional Chinese medicines.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) is one of the five receptors of sphingosine 1-phosphate, actively participating in physiological processes such as angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Widely expressed in various tissue cells such as muscle cells, immune cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, S1PR3 has garnered increasing attention in research, showcasing its involvement in various pathophysiological processes and its important role in the body’s inflammatory and immune responses. In the cardiovascular system, S1PR3 is involved in many pathophysiological processes, including angiogenesis, maintaining vascular permeability, lymphocyte transport, and physiological function of the heart. Moreover, it also plays a regulatory role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart ischemia/reperfusion, atherosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. S1PR3 also plays a crucial role in evaluation and treatment during the cardiovascular system in perioperative period and has a powerful therapeutic effect in sepsis. Regulators related to S1PR3 exhibit therapeutic potential in clinical treatments of cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to explore the role and research progress of S1PR3 in the cardiovascular system.