Laura Abate* and Larrie Greenberg

*Correspondence: Laura Abate leabate@gwu.edu School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye St NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA

Acknowledgements: Not applicable 

Authors' contributions: Both authors contributed to selection of articles, data extraction, and preparation of the manuscript. LEA developed the search strategies and LG drafted the discussion. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript.

Funding: The authors did not receive funding for this article. Availability of data and materials PubMed search strategy and articles that met inclusion criteria are included in this manuscript. 

Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable 

Consent for publication: Not applicable 

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Viren Kaull, MD; Alice Gallo de Moraes, MD; Dina Khateeb, DO; Yonatan Greenstein, MD; Gretchen Winter, MD; JuneMee Chae, MD; Nancy H. Stewart, DO, MS; Nida Qadir, MD; and Neha S. Dangayach, MD

AFFILIATIONS: From the Crouse Health/Upstate Medical University (V. Kaul); Mayo Clinic (A. Gallo de Moraes); Berks Schuylkill Respiratory Specialists (D. Khateeb); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (Y. Greenstein); University of Alabama at Birmingham (G. Winter); Mayo Clinic Health System-Franciscan Healthcare at La Crosse (J. M. Chae); University of Kansas Medical Center (N. H. Stewart); David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (N. Qadir); and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (N. S. Dangayach).

CORRESPONDENCE TO: Viren Kaull, MD; e-mail: virenkaul@crousemed.com

Acknowledgments

Financial/nonfinancial disclosures: None declared.

Constance LeBlan.^1,2,3 Lyn K. Sonenberg^4,5

¹ Dalhousie University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada. ² Dalhousie University, Associate Dean of Continuing Professional Development and Medical Education Research, Halifax, NS, Canada. ³ University of Alberta, Department of Pediatrics. Edmonton,AB, Canada. ⁴ University of Alberta. Associate Dean of Educational Innovation & Academic Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada. ⁵ Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Canada. 

Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. med. Constance LeBlanc Dalhousie University, Department of Emergency Medicine and Associate Dean of Continuing professional Development adn Medical Education Research, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Constance.LeBlanc@Dal.Ca

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Sultan Ayoub Meo^1*, Asim Hassan², Mansoor Aql³ and Adnan Mahmood Usmani²

¹ Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. ² University Diabetes Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ³ Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

* Correspondence: sultanmeo@hotmail.com ¹Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors' contributions: MSA participated in the design of the study, acquisition of data, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. AH participated in the design of the study and revised the manuscript. AMU participated in acquisition and interpretation of data. MA helped MSA in the acquisition of data. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for supporting the work through the research group project (RGP-VPP 181). 

Halbert Bai^* 

Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT

^*To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Halbert Bai, MPH, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06511; Tel: 972-977- 6102, E-mail: halbert.bai@yale.edu

Temple B. Ratcliffe, MD^1,2, Meghan B. Crabtree, MS³, Raymond G. Palmer, PhD¹, Jacqueline B. Pugh, MD^1,2

¹ University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; ²South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; ³University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Corresponding Author: Temple B. Ratcliffe, MD; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA (e-mail: ratcliffe@uthscsa.edu). 

Funders: The research reported here was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research and Development Service (CDA 07–022). 

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the members of the teams involved in this study. 

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.

Thomas Kötter^1,2* , Silvia Isabelle Rose^1,2, Katja Goetz¹

¹Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany. ²Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre SchleswigHolstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany

*Correspondence: thomas.koetter@uni-luebeck.de¹ Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Lübeck (fle reference 16–143). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent. 

Consent for publication: Not applicable. 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Jeason van Heesewijk¹  · Alex Kent² · Tim C. van de Grift^1,3 

Corresponding author: Jeason van Heesewijk j. vanheesewijk@amsterdamumc.nl

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Linko Izumi for her assistance with the literature search and article selection.

Author contributions Conceptualization: MM, Tim van de Grift; Literature search and data analysis: AK, JvanH; Writing – original draft preparation: AK, JvanH, MM; Terminology: AH, MM; Critical revision: MM, TvandeG, AlH; Formatting and fnal preparation of manuscript: JvanH. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript. 

Funding: No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. 

Confict of interest: The authors have no relevant fnancial or non-fnancial interests to disclose