在21世纪医学教育转型背景下，神经病学与神经外科学教学面临解剖结构复杂、教学标本匮乏及安全性要求严苛等多重挑战。本研究通过系统性文献检索与理论建模，探讨了元宇宙技术在该领域的应用现状、技术框架及教育效能。研究构建了“基础设施层—认知层—临床决策层—伦理治理层”四层分析框架，系统分析了头戴式显示器、触觉反馈及数字孪生等关键技术特征。实证研究表明，元宇宙技术能有效重构空间认知，在提升神经解剖空间推理能力、虚拟标准化患者临床思维训练以及卒中团队协作演练方面展现出显著优势。然而，晕动症、触觉保真度不足以及数据隐私伦理等问题仍是制约其大规模普及的瓶颈。元宇宙更适合作为传统神经科教学的“渐进式增强工具”，而非完全替代路径。未来应基于多中心前瞻性研究，重点验证其对真实临床表现的长远影响。

In the context of medical education transformation in the 21st century, neurology and neurosurgery education face multiple structural challenges, including complex neuroanatomy, scarcity of cadaveric specimens, and stringent safety requirements. Through systematic literature review and theoretical modeling, this study explores the current application status, technical infrastructure, and educational efficacy of Metaverse technology in this field. A four-layer analytical framework comprising the "Infrastructure Layer, Cognitive Layer, Clinical Decision-making Layer, and Ethical Governance Layer" was constructed to systematically analyze key technologies such as Head-Mounted Displays (HMD), haptic feedback, and digital twins. Empirical evidence demonstrates that Metaverse technology effectively reconstructs spatial cognition, showing significant advantages in enhancing spatial reasoning in neuroanatomy, clinical thinking training via Virtual Standardized Patients (VSP), and stroke team collaboration simulations. However, challenges such as cybersickness, insufficient haptic fidelity, and data privacy ethics remain bottlenecks for large-scale adoption. The Metaverse is best characterized as a "progressive enhancement tool" for traditional neurological education rather than a complete replacement. Future research should focus on multi-center prospective studies to verify its long-term impact on real-world clinical performance.