Angelica sinensis (AS), commonly known as Danggui and hailed as a premier medicinal herb, holds a prominent place in traditional Chinese medicine due to its potent healing properties. It is widely used to boost blood and vital energy, promote blood flow, relieve blood stasis, regulate menstruation, and alleviate pain. With advances in medical technology, modern interest in Chinese medicine has surged, spurring more in-depth research into its pharmacological mechanisms. This review introduces the principal components of AS and its therapeutic ef f icacy, while also summarizing current research on fundamental mechanisms involving key inflammatory signal pathways, notably nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Z-Ligustilide, AS’s primary bioactive compound, exhibits a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, organ-protective, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. In addition to discuss the advancements in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI), this review provides a detailed exploration of the main components of AS and its mechanisms for mitigating ALI induced by lipopolysaccharides, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and inspiration for the development of drugs in Chinese medicine, with AS as a representative example. This manuscript offers a novel therapeutic method for clinical management of ALI, thereby presenting additional alter natives for pharmacological intervention.