Anesthesia is indispensable for most types of surgery and a key factor to ensure the safety and to improve the prognosis of patients. With the rapid development of science and technology and the persistent enhancement of anesthesiology expertise, it is no longer sufficient to put a singular emphasis on anesthesia during surgery. Anesthesiology is now evolving towards perioperative medicine, which involves patient-centered care and value-based multidisci-plinary management of surgical patients in the perioperative period.