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A multi-frequency power amplifier for detecting tiny metal in the human body

Yuming Liu, Piding Li


School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.


Address correspondence to: Piding Li, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China. E-mail: lpdbyusst@163.com.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.61189/744920nwaoek


Received March 11, 2026; Accepted April 20, 2026; Published June 25, 2026


Highlights

● A multi-frequency electromagnetic excitation scheme is proposed for the detection and localization of tiny metallic foreign bodies inside the human body.

● By integrating SHE-PWM with a full-bridge Class-D power amplifier, the transmitter achieves energy-efficient, spectrally controllable, and synchronous multi-frequency excitation.


Abstract

Objective: Tiny metallic foreign bodies may remain in the human body after accidental ingestion, surgery, or ballistic injury, potentially causing inflammation, tissue damage, and other complications. Although X-ray and CT are widely used for detection and localization, intraoperative motion and workflow constraints may reduce localization accuracy and real-time retrieval efficiency. This study aims to develop a portable multi-frequency electromagnetic excitation circuit to assist the detection and localization of tiny metallic foreign bodies in the human body. Methods: A multi-frequency electromagnetic excitation circuit was designed for balanced-coil eddy-current sensing. The proposed transmitter combines Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse-Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) with a full-bridge Class-D power amplifier to generate synchronous multi-frequency excitation currents at 50 kHz, 150 kHz, 350 kHz, and 850 kHz. The use of multiple excitation frequencies provides complementary depth sensitivity, in which low-frequency excitation improves penetration depth for deeply embedded targets, while high-frequency excitation enhances the response and spatial resolution of small or superficial objects. Circuit simulations and hardware measurements were conducted to evaluate the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of the proposed circuit. Results: Simulation and experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions. The proposed circuit successfully generated synchronous multi-frequency excitation currents with controllable spectral components. The results confirmed that the combination of SHE-PWM and a full-bridge Class-D power amplifier can provide spectrally controllable and energy-efficient excitation suitable for balanced-coil eddy-current sensing. Conclusions: The proposed multi-frequency electromagnetic excitation circuit provides a feasible supplementary solution for tiny metallic foreign-body detection and localization. Its low-cost, portable, and energy-efficient characteristics make it potentially suitable for bedside and intraoperative electromagnetic assistance, especially in scenarios where conventional imaging methods are limited by workflow constraints or real-time localization requirements.

Keywords: SHE-PWM, Class-D power amplifier, Eddy current testing, Balanced metal coil, Detecting tiny metal in body

Cite

Liu YM, Li PD. A multi-frequency power amplifier for detecting tiny metal in the human body. Prog Med Devices. 2026 Jun; 4 (2): 148-164. doi: 10.61189/744920nwaoek

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