Respiratory internet of things-driven precision monitoring and closed-loop management: asthma care from ward to home

Asthma management is shifting from the traditional model based predominantly on intermittent outpatient assessments toward a precision management model centered on continuous monitoring, dynamic early warning, stratified intervention, and outcome tracking. The Respiratory Internet of Things (Respiratory IoT), leveraging intelligent inhalers, home pulmonary function testing, pulse oximeter, wearable devices, environmental sensors, mobile terminals, and cloud platforms as its primary components, creates an integrated service network connecting hospital wards, outpatient clinics, community settings, and home environments. Research conducted by Professor Bai Chunxue’s team on metaverse medicine, new-quality productivity in medicine, and BAIMGPT (Bai’s Medical GPT) provides a theoretical and technical framework with distinct Chinese contextual characteristics，supporting the workflow of "multi-source sensing, intelligent analysis, digital human interaction, quality control, and closed-loop execution."This paper systematically reviews the application of the Respiratory IoT in inpatient asthma monitoring, chronic disease management, and hospital-community-home collaboration, summarizing research progress, practical challenges, and future directions for precision monitoring and closed-loop management in asthma, with the aim of informing the development of a continuous and integrated care system for respiratory diseases.

Key Words: asthma; respiratory internet of things; precision monitoring; closed-loop management; smart inhalers; digital medicine