随着元宇宙医学的发展，患者身份管理、数据隐私保护及跨机构数据共享成为亟需解决的核心问题。去中心化 身份（decentralized identity， DID）作为一种基于区块链的身份管理方法，为元宇宙医学提供了可信、可验证且可自主可控的身 份体系。本文系统分析了 DID 的技术原理、架构模式及在医疗场景中的应用实践，梳理了国际、国内的探索案例，并对技术、 法律、伦理和产业层面的风险与挑战进行了深入讨论。在此基础上，提出了未来发展方向，包括 DID 与隐私计算、数字孪生和 AI 医疗助手的融合，全球虚拟医院身份互认体系的构建，多方协作治理模式以及学科交叉研究的必要性。研究表明，DID 在 解决“身份可信性、隐私可控性与数据共享性”三重矛盾方面具有显著优势，为元宇宙医学的安全、合规与高效发展提供了关键支撑。

The emergence of metaverse medicine has introduced critical challenges in patient identity management, data privacy, and cross-institutional data sharing. Decentralized identity (DID), a blockchain-based identity framework, provides a verifiable, trustworthy, and user-controlled solution for these challenges. This paper presents a systematic analysis of DID’s technical principles, architectural designs, and applications in healthcare, reviewing both international and domestic implementations. It further examines associated risks and challenges across technical, legal, ethical, and industrial dimensions. Future directions are discussed, including the integration of DID with privacy-preserving computing, digital twins, and AI healthcare assistants, the development of globally interoperable virtual hospital identity systems, multi-party governance models, and interdisciplinary research initiatives. The findings indicate that DID effectively addresses the triad of identity trustworthiness, privacy control, and data shareability, offering foundational support for the secure, compliant, and efficient advancement of metaverse medicine.