The skin is a highly efficient barrier that limits the permeation of most therapeutic agents, posing significant challenges for transdermal and topical drug delivery. Nanocarrier-based systems, including liposomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and polymeric nanoparticles, have emerged as promising solutions to enhance drug penetration, improve bioavailability, and enable targeted delivery. This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms of action, formulation strategies, and clinical applications of these nanocarriers in dermatology. We also explore recent advancements in stimuli-responsive systems and their potential for personalized medicine. By integrating material science with pharmacology, nanocarriers are paving the way for next-generation dermatological therapies.